ARTIKEL ELEKTRONIKA | SKEMA RANGKAIAN ELEKTRO | APLIKASI ELEKTRONIKA: Juli 2010

Skema Rangkaian Current Limiter Regulated Power Supply

Current Limiter Regulated Power Supply

The Current Limiter Regulated Power Supply has been especially designed for current-hungry ham radio transceivers. It delivers safely around 20Amps at 13.8V. For lower currents, a separate current limiting output, capable of 15ma up to a total of 20A has been added.

The power transformer should be capable to deliver at least 25A at 17.5 to 20V. The lower the voltage, the lower power dissipation.

The rectified current will be "ironed" by C1, whose capacity should not be less than 40.000uF, (a golden rule of around 2000uF/A), but we recommend 50.000uF. This capacity can be built up by several smaller capacitors in parallel.

SKEMA RANGKAIAN NE555 Electronic Buzzer Schematic

SKEMA RANGKAIAN NE555 Electronic Buzzer Schematic

This accessible cyberbanking buzzer ambit congenital based on timer works for accepting the frequency. The IC timer NE 555 acclimated as astable multivibrator operating at about 1kHz and produces a complete back switched on. The complete abundance can be adapted by capricious the 10K resistor. You may change the 10K resistor with capricious resistor.

Skema RANGKAIAN Automatic Solar Tracking System CIRCUIT

Automatic Solar Tracking System CIRCUIT

AUTOMATIC SOLAR TRACKER starts following the SUN right from dawn, throughout the day, till evening, and starts all over again from dawn next day. On cloudy weathers, it remains still and catches the SUN again as it slips out of clouds. It does all this automatically, employs cheap and inexpensive components, and is very accurate.Let us see how it does all this.

There are three Electronic Modules to be explained. First one is the HORIZONTAL SENSOR MODULE. It employs the timer 555 in the MONOSTABLE MODE. PIN 2(Trigger Pin of 555) is hooked up with a VOLTAGE DIVIDER NETWORK(PLEASE see FIGURE 2). PIN 4(Reset) is hooked up with ANOTHER VOLTAGE DIVIDER NETWORK.

SKEMA RANGKAIAN Digital LCD Thermometer

Digital LCD Thermometer

At this thermometer, the IC thermo sensor (S8100) or the diode (1S1588) is acclimated as the thermo sensor. Back application the IC thermo sensor, the thermometry to +100°C from -40°C is possible. Also, back application the diode, the altitude to +150°C from -20°C is possible. Both sensors are independent in the kit.

This time, I acclimated the diode as the thermo sensor to admeasurement added than +100°C.

ICL7136 of Intersil (Harris) is acclimated for the thermometer and is barometer the change of the advanced administration minute voltages of the diode by the temperature. The 3-1/2 digits aqueous clear affectation (SP521PR) is acclimated for the display. The best cogent chiffre can affectation alone “1?.

The burning electric ability of ICL7136 is actual baby and it is accessible to accomplish about 3 months continuously with the 9-V cell.

The capital genitalia are independent in the kit. The artificial case and the corpuscle are contained. But, there is not a affiliation cable of the sensor.

SKEMA RANGKAIAN Count-down Timer

Count-down Timer

The breeze of the accepted through the transistor at the called accessory is possible. The transistor of the accessory which isn’t called is alone from the ambit because it is in the OFF condition.

BCD about-face (Input), Start about-face (Input) and LED (Output) are controlled alone by anchorage B. According to the called device, a approach of anchorage B is changed.

SKEMA RANGKAIAN ALARAM KEBAKARAN NE555

RANGKAIAN ALARAM KEBAKARAN NE555

Fire alarm circuit using LDR (Light Depending Resistor) as light sensor. It warns the user against fire accidents. It relies on the smoke that is produced in the event of a fire. When this smoke passes between a LED and an LDR, the amount of light falling on the LDR decreases. This causes the resistance of LDR to increase and the voltage at the base of the transistor is pulled high due to which the supply to NE555 then activated the alarm.

The thermistor offers a low resistance at high temperature and high resistance at low temperature. This phenomenon is employed here for sensing the fire.

The IC1 (NE555) is configured as a free running oscillator at audio frequency. The transistors T1 and T2 drive IC1. The output (pin 3) of IC1 is couples to base of transistor T3 (SL100), which drives the speaker to generate alarm sound. The frequency of NE555 depends on the values of resistances R5 and R6 and capacitance C2.When thermistor becomes hot, it gives a low-resistance path for the positive voltage to the base of transistor T1 through diode D1 and resistance R2.

Capacitor C1 charges up to the positive supply voltage and increases the the time for which the alarm is ON. The larger the value of C1, the larger the positive bias applied to the base of transistor T1 (BC548). As the collector of T1 is coupled to the base of transistor T2, the transistor T2 provides a positive voltage to pin 4 (reset) of IC1 (NE555). Resistor R4 is selected s0 that NE555 keeps inactive in the absence of the positive voltage. Diode D1 stops discharging of capacitor C1 when the thermistor is in connection with the positive supply voltage cools out and provides a high resistance path. It also inhibits the forward biasing of transistor T1.

SKEMA Rangkaian 150W Car Power Amplifier Circuit

Rangkaian 150W Car Power Amplifier Circuit

When the amplifier is installed abaft in the suitcase, we shall charge a about-face works stop. The LA47536 possesses a action angle by in it pin4. This ache crave a baby astriction above to 2V in alpha up the amplifier. Transistor Q1 and Q2 makes the action of walking stop for distance. Back the disciplinarian activates the larboard indicator, either ablaze the aback fires or columnist on the anchor , lamps rear burn active Q2 who he alike fabricated to drive Q1 who applies a astriction > 2V on it pin4. Overview

SKEMA Rangkaian Atmel AT89C2051 Single Chip Microprocessor Circuit

Atmel AT89C2051 Single Chip Microprocessor Circuit

Notes :
* This is a actual simple appliance of a distinct dent chip (IC1).

* The array ability accumulation is affiliated on terminals T1 &T2. While the ambit diagram specifies 3v/4.5v battery, the allotment ULN2803 needs 4.5v-5v array to get able operation.

* About-face SW2 allows the PCB to be angry on and off.

* Capacitor C1 provides a displace arresting to the microprocessor.

* XTAL1 provides the oscillator timing basic for the microprocessor. It is important to use a clear for XTAL1, not a bowl resonator – ancestor testing shows that a bowl resonator gives problems unless capacitors to arena are placed on X1 & X2.

SKEMA RANGKAIAN PENERIMA TV CIRCUIT

Skema Rangkaian Penerima TV

A VHF band TV transmitter using negative sound modulation and PAL video modulation. This is suitable for countries using TV systems B and G.
Notes:
The frequency of the transmitter lies within VHF and VLF range on the TV channel, however this circuit has not been tested at UHF frequencies. The modulated sound signal contains 5.5 -6MHz by tuning C5. Sound modulation is FM and is compatible with UK System I sound. The transmitter however is working at VHF frequencies between 54 and 216MHz and therefore compatible only with countries using Pal System B and Pal System G.

Skema Rangkaian Preamplifier Booster Antena UHF

Preamplifier Booster Antena UHF

UHF frequencies in the range 450-800MHz. It has a gain of around 10dB and is suitable for boosting weak TV signals. The MPSH10 transistor used is available from Maplin Electronics order code CR01B. Alternatives that may be used instead are BF180 and BCY90. The tuned circuit comprising the 15nH inductor and 2.2pF capacitor resonate in the centre of the UHF band. The 2.2pF capacitor may be exchanged for a 4.7pF or a trimmer capacitor of 2-6pF to improve results. The approximate frequency response is shown below. N.B. This is a simulated response using the TINA program produced by using a swept 20uV input swept over the frequency range 400-800MHz. Output was measured into a 1k source and the frequency generator has a 75ohm impedance.

SKEMA RANGKAIAN RS-232 to RS-485 Converters & Signal Trackers

SKEMA RANGKAIAN RS-232 to RS-485 Converters & Signal Trackers

The RS-232 Signal Tracker to quickly solve RS-232 Connection Problems. Get $5.00 off with any Converter order. All powered converters include an 115 VAC power adapter.

ICSDataCom is the US distributor for Amplicon Liveline’s products and stocks their Converters.
Contact us for additional information or to order other Amplicon products.

Converter Facts

1. All of our converters provide two pairs of RS-485 signals, a transmit pair and a receive pair.
2. All of our converters operate with two-wire and four-wire devices with easy connecting screw terminals.
3. RS-485 drivers and receivers also support RS-422 signals. RS-485 drivers support 32 loads, RS-422 drivers drive just 7 loads. They have the same signal levels. Use an RS-232 to RS-485 Converter when you need an RS-232 to RS-422 Converter.
4. All of our powered converters come with an AC power adapter.
5. Two-wire devices use one pair of wires for the transmit and receive signals. This means you have to switch the transmitter off when not transmittiing to avoid blocking messages from the RS-485 device. Use the MAGIC 485 Converters as they have built-in logic for controlling the transmitter. The other converters use the RS-232 RTS Signal to control the transmitter. The RTS Signal has to be handled by the PC program.
6. RS232 has become the short hand way of searching for RS-232. RS232 to RS485 Converters is the same as RS-232 to RS-485 Converters, RS232 Isolators is the same as RS-232 isolators, and RS232 Signal Trackers is the same as RS-232 Signal Trackers.
7. Have ground loops or system noise problems? Go to the Isolated Converters page.

Skema Rangkaian Photo Timer Circuit Using 555 Microchip

Photo Timer Circuit Using 555 Microchip

Time is set by potentiometer R2 which provides a range or 1 sec. To 100 seconds with timing capacitor C1 of 100uF. The output at pin 3 is normally low and the relay is held off. A momentary push on switch S1 energies the relay which is held closed for a time 1.1 X (R1+R2). C1 and then released. The exact length of the timing interval will depend on the actual capacitance of C1. Most electrolytic capacitors are rated on the basis of minimum guaranteed value and the actual value may be higher. The circuit should be calibrated for various positions of the control knob of R2 after the timing capacitor has had a chance to age. Once the capacitor has reached its stable value, the timings provided should be well within the photographic requirements.

Photo Timer Circuit Using 555 Microchip Parts List :

C1 - 100uF, 25V electrolytic
C2 - 0.01uF, disc ceramic
D1, D2 - DR50 or 1N4001
R!,R2 - 10K ohms, ¼ watts
R3 - 1 M ohms, potentiometer
RLY1 - 12V, DC relay, operating current less than 200mA
S1 - Push-to-on switch
U1 - NE555 timer IC

P1 & P2 are for exposure lamp ckt.

CIRCUIT USB to CAN Converter

USB to CAN Converter

The USB to CAN Converter
I-7565 lets you to communicate with CAN devices easily from PC using the built-in USB interface. The PC can be the CAN host, monitor the CAN Network or execute HMI panels to access/control CAN devices. Download the I-7565 data sheet as a PDF file.

Converter Facts

1. RS-485 drivers and receivers also support RS-422 signals. RS-485 drivers support 32 loads, RS-422 drivers drive just 7 loads. They have the same signal levels.
2. All of our powered converters come with an AC power adapter.
3. Two-wire devices use one pair of wires for the transmit and receive signals. This means you have to switch the transmitter off when not transmitting to avoid blocking messages from the RS-485 device. The I-7561 includes logic for turning off the RS-485 transmitter.
4. RS232 has become the short hand way of searching for RS-232. Keyword USB to RS232 Converters is the same as USB to RS-232 Converters, USB to RS422 Converters is the same as USB to RS-422 Converters, and USB to RS485 Converters is the same as USB to RS-485 Converters.

SCEMATIC CIRCUIT Penguat Antena VHF 30 Watt

Skema Rangkaian Penguat Antena VHF 30 Watt

30 watt amplifier schematic shown below provides an appropriate power boost with an input of 4 watt up to 6 watts. The circuit is designed to cover 88-108MHz FM Broadcast Band. However, the circuit is very stable at my place and provides a clean-output through seven (7) element Butter-worth low-pass filter. The heart of the circuit is 2SC1946A VHF RF power transistor. The transistor is specifically designed for operation in frequencies up to 175 MHz, with very good results.
As you can see, the power line is well decoupled. The amplifier current can be over 5 amps. All the coils are made from 16gauge laminated wire (or Silver copper wire can do best) and the RFC can be of HF toroid core (as shown in the picture) or 6 holes ferrite bead.C3 and R1 forms snubber circuit while R2 and C6 prevent the amplifier from self-oscillation at VHF, sometimes you need to add 180 ohms in parallel with L7.That will cause the amplifier to dissipate UNDESIRABLE VHF thereby reducing spurious level.

SCHEMATIC CIRCUIT Tube Amplifier With EL 84/6BQ5

SCHEMATIC Tube Amplifier With EL 84/6BQ5

When experimenting with tube amplifiers, you ability be abashed about the altered modes of operation, like triode or pentode mode. To accord a little advice i developed this PCB. You can body baby Amplifiers based on 6P14/6BQ5/EL84 easily, and the achievement Power of 2..6 Watts is added than abundant for home use.

With this PCB you can try out the altered Modes by agency of Jumper Wires.

Skema Rangkaian HEXFET 65W Power Amplifier Circuit

HEXFET 65W Power Amplifier Circuit

A medium power amplifier that is characterized by a lot of good sound quality, but simultaneously is very simple in the construction. Him uses, enough time in my active loudspeakers. In his output stage exist the very good FET transistors, technology HEXFET, transistor which are controlled by voltage and no by current as the classically bipolar transistors. The circuit has symmetrical designing, resolving thus the harmonic distortion problem. All the transistors that are used in the circuit are simple and they exist in big clearings in the market. The pairs of differential amplifiers Q1-2 and Q3-4 should be matched between them and near the one in the other. Thus you can buy enough transistors of types BC550C and BC560C, and with a multimeter you match between them creating pairs with same characteristics, ensuring thus uniform behavior in the temperature changes etc. Networks RC from the R7/C3 and R12/C4 decrease the bandwidth of differential amplifiers and power amplifier in the 6.5MHZ. Resistors R8-9-10-11 function as local feedback in the differential amplifiers improving the linearity. The differential amplifiers are supplied with constant current from him current sources Q5 and Q6. The bias of current sources becomes from the combination of diodes LED D1, D2 and R20. This becomes because the combination transistor/LED ensures big thermic stability, for this reason should they are in very near distance [1]. With the TR1 trimmer we regulate the bias current of output power stage. For this reason Q8 should find itself on the heatsink so that it ensures thermic stability in the bias, so that it does not change with the temperature changes. The resistors R32-33 shape a local feedback bronchus in the output stage, because this functions as voltage amplifier. With the TR1, R3-4, C14 we regulate the amplifier output DC offset voltage, near in the zero. The transistors Q8-10-11-12-13, [Fig.1] should are placed on heatsink, adding between the transistors and the heatsink of good quality leaves mica and ointment. Inductor L1 is constituted by 6 coils of insulated cupreous wire of diameter 1.5mm, with internal inductor diameter of 16mm.

SKEMA RANGKAIAN LM317T Solar Battery Charger Circuit

LM317T Solar Battery Charger Circuit

Rechargeable AA and AAA batteries accept a voltage of about 1.2 Volts back absolutely charged. Therefore 2 in alternation gives a absolute of 2.4 Volts, 4 in alternation 4.8 Volts. Common solar console achievement voltages are 3 Volts (for archetype the 3V 100ma solar panels in the REUK Shop), and 6 volts – absolute for charging 2 or 4 batteries respectively.

The Limitations of a Basic Solar Charger

Details on authoritative the simplest affectionate of Solar Array Charger are accessible here. Unfortunately this accoutrement has one austere limitation – the solar console has to be able-bodied akin to the batteries to be answerable or the batteries may be overcharged. If you after adjudge to allegation batteries with a altered capacity, you would allegation to change the solar panel.

Current

Current is the best important agency in any array charger. As continued as the voltage of the solar console is greater than the absolute absolutely answerable voltage of the batteries, the batteries will be answerable . If the accepted is too little, the batteries will allegation actual slowly. If the accepted is too aerial the batteries will be answerable too fast, are at accident of actuality overcharged, may overheat, and accept their accessible lifetime reduced. Therefore the abutting development footfall is to accomplish a accepted bound array charger.

Safe Array Charging Current

Since we are still authoritative a simple solar charger it will not automatically about-face off back the batteries are full. Therefore we allegation to accumulate the charging accepted low abundant that it will not accident the batteries alike back they are absolutely charged. A accepted of about 10% of array accommodation gives the appropriate antithesis of charging acceleration and assurance – for example, 2700mah AA rechargeable batteries should be answerable with a accepted of 10% of 2700 = 270ma. To allegation the batteries faster a college accepted could be used, but the adventitious of the batteries actuality overcharged would increase.

Limiting Accepted with an LM317T

The LM317T is a voltage regulator chip. It can additionally be acclimated with a acceptable resistor to adapt current. Abounding capacity on how this works are accessible actuality in our adviser to application the LM317T with LED lighting.

Skema Rangkaian DIGITAL CAMERA PSU AND BATTERIES CHARGER

DIGITAL CAMERA PSU AND BATTERIES CHARGER

This ambit was created for agenda cameras. It's accepted the agenda cameras accept ample ability consumption. For archetype my camera Minolta E223 requires about 800 mA. In convenance a mains ability accumulation or aerial accommodation NiMH accumulators (batteries) can amuse this demand.

This ambit consists of two parts, charger and adapter. The transformer, rectifier arch and absorber condensator are common. Adapter is absolutely artlessly its capital allotment is an adjustable voltage regulator LM 317 according to accepted setting. Output is a acceptable for camera jack plug. Voltage can be adapted in ambit 2-9 V.

In the charger ambit a 7805 anchored voltage regulator works as accepted architect assured connected accepted during charging. This charging accepted can be adapted with the 100 /1W potentiometer in ambit about 50-300 mA adumbrated by a baby accepted barometer instrument. From one to four batteries can be answerable simultaneously. The about-face charge be set according to cardinal of batteries, and charging accepted of batteries accustomed by architect charge be adjusted. This ambit doesn't admeasurement charging time and charging action of batteries. Manufacturers accord charging time, usually 14-16 h. I apparent this botheration with a simply, bargain automated mains timer. I anticipate its accurateness is sufficient.

SKEMA RANGKAIAN Line Follower ROBOT Controlled by 2051

SKEMA RANGKAIAN Line Follower ROBOT Controlled by 2051

The Robot use two motors control rear wheels and the single front wheel is free. It has 4-infrared sensors on the bottom for detect black tracking tape, when the sensors detected black color, output of comparator, LM324 is low logic and the other the output is high.

Microcontrollor AT89C2051 and H-Bridge driver L293D were used to control direction and speed of motor.

Software for write to AT89C2051 is robot1.hex ,which was written by C-language ,the source code is robot1.ccompiled by using MC51 in TINY model with my start up code robot.asm .

Skema Rangkaian Amplifier Headphone

Skema Rangkaian Amplifier Headphone

Both behindhand of the ambit are identical. Both inputs accept a dc aisle to arena via the ascribe 47k ascendancy which should be a bifold log blazon potentiometer. The antithesis ascendancy is a distinct 47k beeline potentiometer, which at centermost acclimation prevents alike abrasion to both larboard and appropriate ascribe signals. If the antithesis ascendancy is confused appear the larboard side, the larboard ascribe clue has beneath attrition than the appropriate clue and the larboard approach is bargain added than the appropriate ancillary and carnality versa. The above-mentioned 10k resitors ensure that neither ascribe can be "shorted" to earth. Amplification of the audio arresting is provided by a distinct date accepted emitter amplifier and again via a absolute accompanying emitter follower. Overall accretion is beneath than 10 but the final emitter addict date will anon drive 8 ohm headphones. Higher impedance headphones will assignment appropriately well. Note the final 2k2 resistor at anniversary output. This removes the dc abeyant from the 2200u coupling capacitors and prevents any "thump" actuality heard back headphones are acquainted in. The ambit is cocky biasing and advised to assignment with any ability accumulation from 6 to 20 Volts DC.

SKEMA RANGKAIAN Light Dark Sensor Circuit With LM741

SKEMA RANGKAIAN Light Dark Sensor Circuit With LM741

A light/dark analysis ambit is acutely advantageous and able in a advanced ambit of renewable activity projects from automated lighting to aegis systems. In our commodity Ablaze Dependent Resistor we explained how an LDR can be acclimated in simple circuits to ascendancy accessories according to the ambient levels of lighting – for example, automatically axis on a lamp aloft a aperture at nighttime.

The circuits provided in that commodity were actual basal and accordingly not after their problems. The capital botheration is that the automated aces is not aciculate – i.e. rather than switching the lamp on absolutely as anon as ambient levels of ablaze abatement to a anchored point, the lamp turns on boring accepting brighter and brighter as ablaze levels fall. This is not a austere botheration back authoritative a lamp – in actuality it may alike be adorable – about back authoritative added accessories (such as a night eyes camera) it is not optimal.

One way about this is to use a relay, about a archetypal 12 Volt broadcast draws 300-500mW of ability – a cogent decay of activity back a 1 Watt LED spotlight for archetype is to be controlled.

60W Class A Power Amplifier Part

Skema Rangkaian 60W Class A Power Amplifier Circuit

60W Class A Power Amplifier Part List :

R1=47Kohm
R31-32-35-36-39-40=0.22ohm 5W
D1-2=15V 1.3W zener
R2-9-27-28=1Kohm
R41=10ohm 3W
Q1-3-8-9-10-15-18=MPSA06
R3-18=10Kohm
R42=10ohm 1W
Q2-4-5-6-7-19=MPSA56
R4=18Kohm
R43=5.6Kohm
Q11-13-14=MPSA93
R5-13=3.9Kohm
R44=330Kohm
Q12-16-17=2N6515
R6-12=560ohm
TR1=22Kohm trimmer
Q20-21-22=BD379
R7-8-19=2.7Kohm
TR2=2.2Kohm trimmer
Q23-24-25=MJ802
R10-20=120ohm
C1=10uF 16V
Q26-27-28=MJ4502
R11=12Kohm
C2=1.5nF 100V MKT
Q29-30-31=BD380
R14-21=680ohm 0.5W
C3-9-10=100pF ceramic or Mylar
L1= see text
R15-22-29-30-33-34-37-38=100ohm
C4-5-6-7-8=100uF 25V
F1-2=5A fuse fast
R16-17-23-24=220ohm
C11-13=220uF 63V .
R25-26=22Kohm
C12=220nF 250V MKT .

There is one amplifier configuration that is universally accepted as the ideal for audio use: Class A operation . Many early amplifiers operated in Class A, but as output powers rose above 10W the problems of heat dissipation and power supply design caused most manufacturers to turn to the simpler, more efficient Class B arrangements and to put up with the resulting drop in perceived output quality. Why Class A ? Because , when biased to class A, the transistors are always turned on, always ready to respond instantaneously to an input signal. Class B and Class AB output stages require a microsecond or more to turn on. The Class A operation permits cleaner operation under the high-current slewing conditions that occur when transient audio signal are fed difficult loads. His amplifier is basically simple, as can be seen from the block diagram.

CIRCUIT High Output Power RF Push-Pull MOSFET Oscillator

CIRCUIT High Output Power RF Push-Pull MOSFET Oscillator,
the circuit shown here you can create high frequency electromagnetic waves with very high output power.
Possible applications are experiments with wireless power transmission, RFID Transponder, tesla coils and the like.
Dependent on the coil, capacitor and cooling of the transistors output power in the range of 20W and more can be obtained.
At short distances, other electronic circuits may be disturbed or even destroyed. Broadcasting, RFID, AntiTheft, Wlan, medical appliances (pacemakers!) can be disturbed in a large area.

CIRCUIT HARDWARE and SOFTWARE Electronic Distance Meter Schematic

SKEMA RANGKAIAN Electronic Distance Meter Schematic Hardware and Software

The project demonstrates the use of 16×1 line LCD module to interface with Nitron 16-pin MCU, 68HC908QY4. The original idea came from one evening I went out with my son to the park near my home in Korat. The park has a nice walking way for people to exercise. I was wondering how long the distance is? I thought it would be nice if we know distance for one round. It seemed to me that it’s quite long, but I didn’t know exactly. My son ridden bicycle while I was walking along him. I look at the bicycle wheel, and thought may be we can measure distance with the help of wheel rolling. The week before I brought a magnet from BaanMor, it was the rare earth magnet. I thought why don’t have the reed switch as the sensor and use the magnet tied to a wheel. Detection of rolling is then made by proximity effect, when the magnet close to the reed switch. This close/open reed switch contact can use to make on-off signal. I chose MCU from Motorola, a 16-pin 68HC908QY4 for counting the pulse signal produced by reed switch.

Hardware Schematic

The MCU uses internal oscillator, internal reset, so we need only to supply the +VDD and VSS. I put the decoupling cap 0.1uF to VDD and VSS. Interface signals for LCD are D4-D7, RS and E. It was 4-bit interfacing, no BUSY checking. The LCD connector is 16-pin SIP socket. D0-D3 is not used, so we must tie to GND. Also R/W# was tied to GND. Since we can not check BUSY bit, so the delay routine must be used to wait LCD ready for command and data writing. The sensor inputs are PTA2 for reed switch contact and PTA0 for 0/+5V analog input. I used small phone jack for both sensors. The analog input is optional. I haven’t got the idea what sensor should be used. The power supply is battery with simple +5.1V zener diode. You can use +9V battery or 1.5Vx3 AA battery. The circuit can run properly when the supply down to +3V. Care should be taken if you will use ADC, since the VREF is the same as VDD!

CIRCUIT PSU 78XX Family Regulators Universal PCB

The 78XX family is ideally suited for this job, and with this little PCB you can easily build small Power Supplies for virtually every application.

The circuit is very simple:

The Alternating current is applied to X1 and rectifies by B1.

It charges a large Capacitor C1 to power the regulator.

The output voltage depends on the Regulator you use, e.g. 7805, 7812,7815…

Dimensionierung:

C1:4700u, with sufficient voltage Rating!

C2:0.33u

C3:0.1u

The Heatsink should be enough for devices with moderate power consumption.

SKEMA RANGKAIAN ELEKTRONIKA Timer Menggunakan IC 4060B

Timer Menggunakan IC 4060B

There are many applications for which a timer is very useful to turn a device on or off automatically after a preset interval - for example, switching off an irrigation system after 30 minutes of use, turning off a battery charger to prevent overcharging, etc.

Timing short intervals of milliseconds to minutes can easily be achieved using a NE555 timer chip. Unfortunately, this device is not suitable for timing longer intervals, and so a suitable alternative is required.

The pins labelled in red Q4-Q14 are the binary outputs: Q4 for the 16's, Q5 for the 32's, Q6 for the 64's and so on up to Q13 for the 8192's, and Q14 for the 16384's.

Since Q14 represents the 16,384's and Q4 represents the 16's - we know it will take 1,024 times longer (16,384 / 16) for Q14 to flip from 0 to 1 than it takes Q4. So, for an example 2-hour timer (=7,200 seconds), we just need to fine-tune the circuit so that Q4 turns on after 7,200 / 1,024 seconds = 7.03 seconds, knowing that if that is done correctly, after exactly 2 hours Q14 will flip from 0 to 1.

SKEMA RANGKAIAN Thermometer Berbasis Mikrokontroler AT89S52

Thermometer Berbasis Mikrokontroler AT89S52

a microcontroller AT89S52 Thermometer and 12-bit ADC LTC1298, programs written in the language c program with digital filtering and interface the LED display. The reading provides 0.1C sensitivity.

The hardware block and circuit diagram is shown in Fig below. The sensor is epoxy molded thermistor. The circuit for signal conditioning is a simple voltage divider. The ADC is 12-bit SPI interface LTC1298 analog-to-digital converter. The microcontroller is Atmel 89S52. The display has four digits 0.5 inches 7-segment LED. The segment driver provides 32-bit CMOS output.

The ADC is 12-bit (LTC1298 or MC3202) are two channels, CH0 and CH1. The input signal from thermistor for ADC channel 0 is simple voltage divider. Channel1 is available for other sensor. The sample shown in schematic is HIH-3160 Honeywell Relative Humidity Sensor. The ADC chip is interfaced with MCU, 89S52 with P1.1, P1.2 and P1.3. The display has 4-digit LED. The 4094 CMOS shift register drives the LED directly.

SKEMA RANGKAIAN ELEKTRONIKA Stereo Gain Audio Trim Control Circuit

Stereo Gain Audio Trim Control Circuit

This circuit using the MAX5160L digital pot in a divider chain supplying the MAX4252 op amp with some positive feedback in addition to the usual negative feedback via the 100K and 50K resistors. The gain of this circuit can be shown to be:

AV = (1-Kn)/(Kp-Kn)

where Kn is the negative feedback fraction, Kp the positive feedback fractions (for the example in Figure 4, Kn = 100K/(100K + 50K) or 2/3, and Kp is variable).

When the MAX5160L wiper is positioned at the VREF terminal, the gain of the circuit is -0.5V/V, as there is no positive feedback contribution. When the wiper is at mid scale, Kp = 0.5, and the gain is now -2V/V. Hence, by using those 17 positions between VREF and midscale the gain can be varied over a ±6dB range. The 15 unused positions have been traded off for repeatability, as the gain value does not depend upon the digital pot resistance tolerance, as did the circuit of Figure 1. The gain tolerance is now only limited by the ±1% 100K/50K resistors, and the INL/DNL error of the MAX5160L (±4.6% max.).

An interesting point to note, the limit for stability in this circuit is reached when Kp = 2/3, when the positive feedback fraction meets or exceeds the negative. The host processor controlling the MAX5160L should therefore prevent this situation occurring.

The circuit in Figure 5 shows an obvious appraoch to a 'traditional' style volume control using digital pots. All codes are valid, with settings ranging from 0dB to full attenuation. Table 1 shows the calculated attenuations based on the MAX5160L's 32 steps.

SKEMA RANGKAIAN RTC BERBASIS AT89C4051

Rangkaian RTC Berbasis AT89C4051

This is a circuit diagram for the digital clock. Port 1 of the controller (AT89C4051) is Used as the data lines for the 20 x 4 lines LCD display.

The source code for the project is written in C-language, and compiled using Keil C compiler, Can you download the c-code, schematic, and if you do not have a cross compiler then you burn the cans directly on to the HEX file your chips.

If you think that 'there is a problem in the of availability of the chips mentioned in the schematic, then you cans use AT89C51/AT89C52 Also, make sure That you are using the Same port for the LCD and switches Which are there in the C- files or in the schematic.

in the image above as you cans see the digits are Bigger than the normal size. For this purpose I'm maiking use of the CGRAM of the LCD, Which gives to the user the flexibility to define user defined characters. so to create a character We first need to get the Which values are to be written into the CGRAM area. The CGRAM area starts from address 0x40 and for Every character Which there are eight locations are to be written.

Figure below shows the custom character creation. so Pls We get the values for all the pixels. These values We write to the CGRAM. The Digits 0-9 Can be created with the help of eight custom characters and Standard and Poor.

SKEMA RANGKAIAN Sms Remote Control For Sony Ericsson T10

Sms Remote Control For Sony Ericsson T10

The firmware of the AT90S2313 (or ATtiny2313) its actual complicated because, we accept to catechumen the 'septets' of the buzz to 'octets' because the AVR charge bytes with 8 $.25 breadth ( The 'septet' is 1 byte with 7 $.25 breadth and 'octet' is 1 byte with 8 $.25 length). All this proccess its all-important to break the bulletin from SMS.

This ambit is alive on both AT90S2313 and ATtiny2313 microcontrollers. In case of ATtiny2313 you accept to baddest "External Crystal Oscillator" instead of absence "internal RC oscillator" from the "Fuses" tab of your programmer's software. You accept to uncheck the "Divide alarm by 8 internally".

When you accomplishment the ambit affix it to the adaptable phone, about-face on the buzz and afresh ability on the circuit, not afore . The AVR now its aggravating to apprehend the bulletin from the 1st anamnesis area of the phone, for that i advance to annul all SMS letters from the buzz afore affix it to the circuit. If there is no bulletin to the 1st anamnesis location, the AVR its aggravating afresh until you beatific any.

The architecture of the bulletin charge be abandoned '1' or '0'. '1' to enable, or '0' to attenuate the device. The bulletin charge accept abandoned 8 numbers, '1' or '0' , abandoned or alloyed .

Example: if you accelerate the bulletin 11000100 afresh you enable, starting from the right, the accessories 3,7,8 ('1') and disabling the accessories 1,2,4,5,6 ('0') .

If you appetite to accelerate a new bulletin and you don't appetite to change some device, charge accelerate the aforementioned cardinal as the old message.

Example: If you appetite to accredit abandoned the 5th device, you charge accelerate a new bulletin like 11010100 to accumulate the added accessories as there are (we accelerate the aforementioned bulletin as the old ( 11000100 ) and we change abandoned the 5th bit from '0' to '1' to accredit the accessory ).

SKEMA RANGKAIAN SYSTEM MINIMUM MIKROKONTROLLER ATmega8535

Sistem Minimum Mikrokontroler ATmega8535

System ATmega8535 microcontroller, is the minimum necessary circuits for the operation of the microcontroller IC, then this minimum circuit can be connected with other circuits to perform certain functions. In the AVR microcontroller family, Atmega8535 series is one series that is very widely used.

To make this ATmega8535 microcontroller minimum system required several components, namely:

* ATmega8535 microcontroller IC
* 1 XTAL 4 MHz or 8 MHz (XTAL1)
* 3 paper capacitors, two 22 pF (C2 and C3) and 100 nF (C4)
* a 4.7 UF electrolytic capacitors (C12) 2 is 100 ohm resistor (R1) and 10 Kohm (R3)
* 1 reset button pushbutton (PB1
* DC 5V voltage regulator

Briefly, ATMega8535 has several capabilities:

* Microcontroller based 8-bit RISC with a maximum speed of 16 MHz.
* Has 8 KB of flash memory, SRAM and 512 bytes of EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) of 512 bytes.
* Having the ADC (analog converter-to-digital) 10 bit internal precision of 8 channel.
* Has a PWM (Pulse Wide Modulation) as much as four internal channels.
* Serial communication port (USART), with maximum speed of 2.5 Mbps.
* Six options sleep mode, to save the use of electric power.

--image-------

ATMega8535 microcontroller has 40 pins for the model PDIP. The names of the pins on the microcontroller are

* VCC for the positive power supply voltage.
* GND to the negative power supply voltage.
* Porta (PA0 - PA7) as a port Input / Output and has other capabilities as an input to the ADC is
* PortB (PB0 - PB7) as a port input / output and also has other capabilities.
* PortC (PC0 - PC7) as a port Input / Output to ATMega8535.
* PortD (PD0 - PD7) as a port input / output and also has other capabilities.
* RESET for resetting the program in the microcontroller.
* XTAL1 and XTAL2 to input clock signal generator.
* AVCC for the power supply voltage input pin for the ADC.
* Aref for ADC reference voltage pin.

SKEMA RANGKAIAN ELEKTRONIKA OSILATOR GELOMBANG SEGITIGA

Osilator Gelombang Segitiga

In this page, I acquaint the triangular beachcomber oscillator which acclimated the Operational Amplifiers (TL082).

The ambit uses the two OP amplifiers. The OP of the one works as "the Schmitt circuit". The added OP works as "the affiliation circuit".

At the ambit diagram above, IC(1/2) is the Schmitt ambit and IC(2/2) is the affiliation circuit.

The achievement of the Schmitt ambit becomes the aboveboard wave. The achievement of the Schmitt ambit is inputted to the affiliation circuit. The achievement of the affiliation ambit becomes the triangular wave.

The ability accumulation needs both of the absolute ability accumulation and the abrogating ability supply. Also, to assignment in the oscillation, the action of R2>R3 is necessary. However, back authoritative the amount of R3 baby compared with R2, the achievement voltage becomes small. The abreast amount is acceptable for R2 and R3. You may accomplish adverse if not aquiver application the resistor with the aforementioned value. The ambit diagram aloft is application the resistor with the amount which is altered to accomplish oscillate surely.

SKEMA RANGKAIAN Control DC Fan Menggunakan Remote TV

Rangkaian Control DC Fan Menggunakan Remote TV

This circuit measures temperature in Celsius and displays it on an alphanumeric LCD. When temperature rise to 40C an alarm is activated and the electromechanical relay is also activated which drives a fan to keep the temperature at a level. Another feature of this circuit is that you can use the keys "1,2,3,4" of a Philips TV IR remote to turn on or off three relays. Key '4' is used to turn on or off the buzzer alarm.

The MCU is the ATMEL AT89C51. The LM35 is an TO-92 package temperature sensor. It senses heat from 0C to 100C. The output provides 10mV/C. We use the simple analog to digital converter, ADC0804 to convert the analog signal to digital data. The 8-bit digital data is tied to PORT1. This data is processed by microcontroller and the temperature is displayed on lcd connected to PORT2. The control pins of lcd are connected to PORT0. Some bits of the PORT0 also control the relays and buzzer. The ULN2003 chip is used to drive the relays. Pin 1 to 7 are the inputs and 10 to 16 are respective outputs. Pin 8 is ground and pin 9 is connected to the output of 7808 voltage regulator. The 7805 voltage regulator drives rest of the circuit. I used a standard buzzer driven by LM555 timer/oscillator chip. The 555 circuit is a multivibrator having output for driving the buzzer. We may use any IR receiver module and connect the output to pin 10 of microcontroller. The relay connected to pin 13 of ULN2003 turns on when temperature rises above 40C.

SKEMA RANGKAIAN Control DC Fan Menggunakan Remote TV

Rangkaian Control DC Fan Menggunakan Remote TV

This circuit measures temperature in Celsius and displays it on an alphanumeric LCD. When temperature rise to 40C an alarm is activated and the electromechanical relay is also activated which drives a fan to keep the temperature at a level. Another feature of this circuit is that you can use the keys "1,2,3,4" of a Philips TV IR remote to turn on or off three relays. Key '4' is used to turn on or off the buzzer alarm.

The MCU is the ATMEL AT89C51. The LM35 is an TO-92 package temperature sensor. It senses heat from 0C to 100C. The output provides 10mV/C. We use the simple analog to digital converter, ADC0804 to convert the analog signal to digital data. The 8-bit digital data is tied to PORT1. This data is processed by microcontroller and the temperature is displayed on lcd connected to PORT2. The control pins of lcd are connected to PORT0. Some bits of the PORT0 also control the relays and buzzer. The ULN2003 chip is used to drive the relays. Pin 1 to 7 are the inputs and 10 to 16 are respective outputs. Pin 8 is ground and pin 9 is connected to the output of 7808 voltage regulator. The 7805 voltage regulator drives rest of the circuit. I used a standard buzzer driven by LM555 timer/oscillator chip. The 555 circuit is a multivibrator having output for driving the buzzer. We may use any IR receiver module and connect the output to pin 10 of microcontroller. The relay connected to pin 13 of ULN2003 turns on when temperature rises above 40C.

SKEMA RANGKAIAN RF Remote Control 2 Channel

RF Remote Control 2 Channel Receiver Scheme

The receiver constituted by RF receiver bore RLP434A at 418MHz, the microcontroller AT90S2313 and the 2 relays with can handle any electric (or electronic) accessory up to 10 Amps (the contacts of my relays are 10Amp at 250Volts).

The RLP434A is an RF receiver bore with cancellation abundance at 418MHz with ASK modulation. There are 2 outputs from this module, the digital, with levels from 0v to VCC (5 volts in our case) and the analog output. Analog achievement is not used. The transmitter accelerate 4 bytes with 2400bps 4 times and the receiver RLP-434A, aggregate them and move them to AT90S2313 to RxD pin, PD0.

Two affidavit to baddest AT90S2313 (20pins) instead of AT90S2343 (8pins) is because

a.) AT90S2313 use a accouterments UART adapted at 2400bps and the accouterments UART is added stable, with abate code, than software UART that I use in the transmitter. If some consecutive abstracts access at the middle-time of some added accepted added than accept routine, for abiding we will apart this $.25 of data. The accouterments UART does not accept this botheration because accept absorber for this (UDR register). This is what I beggarly that the accouterments UART is "stable".

b.) with AT90S2313 we can drive up to 14 relays with approaching advancement of the firmware, one broadcast to anniversary pin.

As antenna you can use a cable 30 - 35cm long.

The transmitter is constituted by AT90S2323 microcontroller and TLP434 RF transmitter bore at 418MHz. I accept designe the transmitter for added array abridgement and safe transmition of the data.

* The array abridgement is fabricated it by the use of powerdown approach of AVR. In this case the AVR goes to beddy-bye with beneath than 1uA (microampere) accepted and delay for alien arrest on pin PB1 to alive from beddy-bye and abide operating.

If you columnist the S2 key, the argumentation of this pin goes to '0' (0V) and AVR alive frome the beddy-bye approach (because PB1 is INT0) and analysis if apprenticed the S1 key. If not, the AVR booty as apprenticed key the S2. If yes the AVR booty as apprenticed key the S1.

If you columnist the S1 key the argumentation of this pin and PB1 (through 1N4148) goes to '0' (0V). In this case the AVR booty as apprenticed key the S1.

After, account the checksum and address 4 times the aforementioned 4 byte arrangement to accomplish abiding that receiver takes the abstracts and goes to beddy-bye approach until abutting arrest on PB1.

When the INT0 pin (PB1) of AVR goes to 0V, the transmitter TLP434A is working. If you stop columnist the about-face S1 or S2, the TLP is stop working.

* The safe transmition of the abstracts based to transmition of 4 bytes with consecutive anatomy at 2400 bps (bits per seconds). 1st and 2nd byte are for acceptance of accurate alien ascendancy from receiver (like ID bytes), 3rd byte is command byte. The relays cachet dependet by the amount of this byte. Finaly, the 4th byte is the checksum of the beforehand 3 bytes.

example: if byte1=30h, byte2=35h and byte3=02h the 4th byte (chechsum) will be (byte1) XOR (byte2) XOR (byte3) = 30h XOR 35h XOR 03h = 06h.

This adjustment use 4 bytes x 8 bit anniversary = 32 bit breadth (without alpha and stop bits). That is beggarly 1 achievability at 4.294.967.295 to accept the receiver, the aforementioned 4 bytes from some added RF device.

This transmitter will assignment with all 2323 chips but bigger is AT90LS2323 with alive voltage 2.7 - 6 volts.The microcontroller that I use is AT90S2323 with alive voltage 4 - 6 volts. Its formed accomplished with 3v lithium battery.

As antenna you can use ~7cm cable in to transmitter`s box.

SKEMA RANGKAIAN Battery Tester ( Penguji Battery)

Rangkaian Battery Tester ( Penguji Battery)

This circuit can be used to test the battery without the need of power supply or expensive moving-coil voltmeters. It has two Ranges: Pls SW1 is set as shown in the circuit diagram, test the circuit cans 3V to 15V batteries. When SW1 is switched to the other position, only 1.5V cells Can be tested.

List Component:

R1______________2K2 1/4W Resistor
R2______________3R3 1/4W Resistor
R3_____________10R 1/4W Resistor
R4______________4K7 1/4W Resistor
R5_____________33K 1/4W Resistor
R6,R7_________100K 1/4W Resistors
R8____________220K 1/4W Resistor
R9____________330K 1/4W Resistor
R10___________500K Trimmer Cermet
C1,C2__________10nF 63V Polyester Capacitors
C3-C7_________100nF 63V Polyester Capacitors
C8____________220µF 35V Electrolytic Capacitor
D1,D7___________LEDs Red 5mm. (see Notes)
D2-D6________1N4148 75V 150mA Diodes
Q1___________2N3819 General purpose FET
Q2,Q3_________BC337 45V 800mA NPN Transistors
IC1,IC2________7555 or TS555CN CMos Timer ICs
P1_____________SPST Pushbutton
SW1____________DPDT Switch
BUT____________Battery under test

Testing 3V to 15V batteries:

* Switch SW1 as shown in the circuit diagram.
* Place the battery under test in a suitable holder or clip it to the circuit.
* Wait some seconds in order to let C8 reach its full charge.
* LED D1 illuminates at a constant intensity, independent of battery voltage.
* If D1 illuminates very weakly or is fully off the battery is unusable.
* If D1 has a good illumination, press P1 and keep an eye to LED D7. If D7 remains fully off, the battery is in a very good state.
* If D7 illuminates brightly for a few seconds, the battery is weak. This condition is confirmed by a noticeable weakening of D1 brightness.
* If D7 illuminates weakly for a few seconds but D1 maintain the same light intensity, the battery is still good but is not new.

Testing 1.5V batteries:

* Switch SW1 in the position opposite to that shown in the circuit diagram.
* Place the battery under test in a suitable holder or clip it to the circuit.
* Wait some seconds in order to let C8 reach its full charge.
* LED D1 illuminates very weakly only in presence of a new battery, otherwise is off.
* Press P1 and keep an eye to LED D7. If D7 remains fully off the battery can be in very good state.
* If D7 illuminates brightly for a few seconds, the battery is weak.
* If D7 illuminates weakly for a few seconds, the battery is still good but is not new.
* If you are suspecting a 1.5V cell to be completely discharged, a better test can be made wiring two 1.5V batteries in series, then running the 3V test.

The TS555 provides reduced supply current spikes during output transitions, which enables the use of lower decoupling capacitors compared to those required by bipolar NE555. Timing capacitors can also be minimized due to high input impedance (1012 W).

SKEMA RANGKAIAN ELEKTRONIKA +30V DC-DC Converter

Rangkaian +30V DC-DC Converter

The ascribe voltage is +5 V, the achievement voltage is +30 V and can get the about 20-mA achievement current.

The IC(CD-1846P) to be application with this advocate becomes the accomplishment stop already. However, TDK said that it was the cessation allotment and I could not access the data.

Because it may become the advertence back you use the agnate circuit, I acquaint in the capacity of the converter.

SKEMA RANGKAIAN ALARM KEBAKARAN

Rangkaian Alarm Kebakaran

This is a simple fire alarm circuit, which can help the user's color interested against fire accidents based on a LDR and lamp pairs an alarm for sensing the fire.The works by sensing the smoke Produced During fire.The circuit produces an audible alarm the fire breaks Pls out with smoke.

When a number of smoke passes Between a bulb and an LDR, the amount of light falling on the LDR decreases. This Causes the resistance of the LDR to Increase and the voltage at the base of the transistor is pulled high due to Which the supply to the COB (chip-on-board) is completed. Different cobs are available in the market to generate Different Musical. The choice of the COB depends on the user. The signal generated by COB is amplified by an audio amplifier. In this circuit, the audio power amplifier is wired around TDA2002. The sensitivity of the circuit depends on the distance Between bulb and LDR as well as the setting of preset VR1. Thus by placing the bulb and the LDR at appropriate distances, one May Vary preset VR1 to get optimum sensitivity. An ON / OFF switch is suggested to turn the circuit on and off as Desirable.

SKEMA RANGKAIAN PIC Universal Programmer Schematic

PIC Universal Programmer Schematic

As this circuit has open collector outputs it allows easy control of three transistors T1, T2 and T3. T1 and T2 allow the application of high programming voltage VPP legs adequate support universal programmer. T3 controls the normal supply voltage VDD applied also to the universal support.

This can only supply circuit to program only when really necessary and thus avoid any problems during its insertion or extraction of its programming support. Two red LEDs, D1 and D2 indicate the presence of tension on the support. D3 for its light just when the timer is turned to signal the proper functioning of the food.

Data to be programmed by IC1A pass while they go through IC1b at a replay of the circuit. The clock programming through IC1c. Support for receiving circuits to program is a model 40 feet a bit special so they can receive the PIC cases: 8, 18, 20, 28 and 40 feet. The wiring of different supplies, the data line and clock line is made in accordance with the pinouts of the various circuits.

The feeding program is simple but very tolerant. Two stabilized voltages are required: 5 volts to 13 volts and VDD for programming voltage VPP. IC2 is a 78L05 loads of 5 volts while IC3, which is a 78L08, produces 13 volts because it is not referenced to ground but the output of IC2 and product and 5 + 8 or 13 volts! To accept any external source, regulators are preceded by a generous filter and bridge rectifier. You can apply any J1 AC voltage between 12 volts and 20 or between 16 and 30 volts. The flow required is only about 100 mA.

SKEMA RANGKAIAN ELEKTRO PENGUKUR JARAK

Skema rangkaian pengukur jarak

This circuit Can be Used to Measure distance covered by bicycle using a reed switch as the sensor and use the magnet tied to a wheel. Detection of rolling is then made by a proximity effect, Pls the magnet close to the reed switch. This close / open reed switch contact Can use to make on-off signal. 68HC908QY4 microcontroller function for counting the pulse signal Produced by reed switches, and then Direct display in meter unit through lcd 16 x 1 line LCD.

To Interface signals for LCD are D4-D7, RS and E. 4-bit It was interfacing, no busy checking. D0-D3 and R / W # is not Used, so We must tie to GND. Since We Can not check Busy bit, so the delay routine must be ready LCD Used to wait for command and writing data. The sensor inputs are PTA2 for reed switch contact and PTA0 for 0 / +5 V analog input can use a small phone jack for both sensors. in the image below shows a sample sensor and cable making. Later shrinkage tube We need to protect the sensor. The position sensor Pls Pls fix to the bicycle wheel Also Important. We need the magnetic flux perpendicular to the contact.

Software/program

Software for write to68HC908QY4 microcontroller is s-record.hex ,which was written by C-language ,the source code is firmware source code.

SKEMA RANGKAIAN PAL Colour Bar Generator With AT90S2313

PAL Colour Bar Generator With AT90S2313

I started this activity 3 weeks ago, because I was apprehensive " is that possible, some AVR MCU to actualize simple colour bars? " At the beginning, I believed that it's easy. So, I asked some bodies who knew added about PAL blended video signal. Some of them told me that it's absurd to aftermath blush absolute in software with an AVR MCU (microcontroller) because there wasn't abundant ability (frequency).

The aboriginal abstraction was to assignment with 8.867238 MHz clear (2 times the blush carrier). When I apprehend added about PAL video blended arresting creation, I saw that if you appetite to artefact colors entire-in-software you charge actualize the color-carrier (4.43 MHz), alteration 4 times the appearance of color-carrier (one time for anniversary color), to appearance 4 colours. Except that, you accept to change the color-burst from 135 deg to 135+90= 225 deg.

So, the 8.86 MHz is not enough, that`s why I acclimated 17.7 MHz clear (4 times the blush carrier). The accessible affair is to actualize the white and the atramentous bar, the blow of this project, beleave me, it's not easy.

The timing (clock cycles) of any apprenticeship is actual important for the phase-shift of the color-carrier and color-burst signals. You should account the cycles afore add or abolish any instruction.

The circuit

The ambit iis constituted by AT90s2313 active at 17.734475 MHz (overclocked) and a , 5-bit DA advocate (R2R-ladder) with 10 resistors.

I know, it's not a acceptable abstraction to overclock 77 % high than the alive abundance of the MCU, but for a few hours, annihilation amiss will happen.

Programm (write) the MCU with colour_bar_gen.hex that it's included in colour_bar_gen.zip file, affix it on blended video adapter (or scart adapter) of your TV, power-on the ambit and you will see on TV, 6 vertical bars, 4 in color, 1 white and 1 black.

SKEMA RANGKAIAN LINE FOLLOWER ROBOT BERBASIS AT89C2051

LINE FOLLOWER ROBOT BERBASIS AT89C2051

This Circuit of Line Follower ROBOT has been getting from VingPeaw Competition Award winner in 2543, the robot built with mikrokontroler AT89C2051, L293D, and four IR sensors. Simple circuit and platform, quick tracking and easy-understand program using C language.

The Line Follower ROBOT designed which use two motors control rear wheels and the single front wheel is free. It has 4-infrared sensors on the bottom for detect black tracking tape, when the sensors detected black color, output of comparator, LM324 is low logic and the other the output is high.

Software/program

Software for write to AT89C2051 is robot1.hex ,which was written by C-language ,the source code is robot1.c compiled by using MC51 in TINY model with my start up code robot.asm .

SKEMA RANGKAIAN OpAmp Voltage Indicator Using LM741

In order to obtain a low voltage indication - useful if you would like to stop using a battery before it is drained too deeply - the output from pin 6 is still directed through an LED (and current limiting resitor), but this time it is connected to ground rather than to the input voltage Vin as shown in the amended circuit diagram above.

Note that this circuit will only operate with input voltages in excess of around 3.8 Volts and so it cannot be used with a 2 AA battery charger.

OpAmp HIGH Voltage Indicator Using LM741

The circuit diagram shown above is configured to give a high voltage indication. The 100KOhm variable resistor is used to manually configure the voltage over and above which the LED will light. If the voltage arriving at pin 2 of the LM741 is greater than the voltage arriving at pin 3, the LED lights thanks to the output from pin 6. At all other times the LED is off (as is the output from pin 6).

OpAmp LOW Voltage Indicator Using LM741

The Zener diode should be chosen with a zener voltage of around half that of the target voltage - e.g. for a 12.0 Volt indicator, a 5.6 Volt Zener diode could be used.

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